The cash ceiling
Your available cash, less what you keep in reserve and spend on upfront repairs, has to cover the down payment and closing costs. That fixes a maximum price regardless of how well the property performs.
The coverage ceiling
At a given rent, rate, and term, there is a largest loan whose full payment the rent still covers at your target ratio. Above that price, coverage falls below the target no matter how much cash you have.
Reserves are not a rounding error
Most DSCR programs require reserves after closing, measured in months of payments. Cash you spend on the down payment is cash you no longer have for that test, which is why the reserve figure is an input here rather than an afterthought.
